87 research outputs found
Depinning of elastic manifolds
We compute roughness exponents of elastic d-dimensional manifolds in
(d+1)-dimensional embedding spaces at the depinning transition for d=1,...,4.
Our numerical method is rigorously based on a Hamiltonian formulation; it
allows to determine the critical manifold in finite samples for an arbitrary
convex elastic energy. For a harmonic elastic energy, we find values of the
roughness exponent between the one-loop and the two-loop functional
renormalization group result, in good agreement with earlier cellular automata
simulations. We find that the harmonic model is unstable with respect both to
slight stiffening and to weakening of the elastic potential. Anharmonic
corrections to the elastic energy allow us to obtain the critical exponents of
the quenched KPZ class.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Asymptotic function for multi-growth surfaces using power-law noise
Numerical simulations are used to investigate the multiaffine exponent
and multi-growth exponent of ballistic deposition growth
for noise obeying a power-law distribution. The simulated values of
are compared with the asymptotic function that is
approximated from the power-law behavior of the distribution of height
differences over time. They are in good agreement for large . The simulated
is found in the range . This implies that large rare events tend to break the KPZ
universality scaling-law at higher order .Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.
Distributed Generation and Resilience in Power Grids
We study the effects of the allocation of distributed generation on the
resilience of power grids. We find that an unconstrained allocation and growth
of the distributed generation can drive a power grid beyond its design
parameters. In order to overcome such a problem, we propose a topological
algorithm derived from the field of Complex Networks to allocate distributed
generation sources in an existing power grid.Comment: proceedings of Critis 2012 http://critis12.hig.no
Anisotropic Scaling in Threshold Critical Dynamics of Driven Directed Lines
The dynamical critical behavior of a single directed line driven in a random
medium near the depinning threshold is studied both analytically (by
renormalization group) and numerically, in the context of a Flux Line in a
Type-II superconductor with a bulk current . In the absence of
transverse fluctuations, the system reduces to recently studied models of
interface depinning. In most cases, the presence of transverse fluctuations are
found not to influence the critical exponents that describe longitudinal
correlations. For a manifold with internal dimensions,
longitudinal fluctuations in an isotropic medium are described by a roughness
exponent to all orders in , and a
dynamical exponent . Transverse
fluctuations have a distinct and smaller roughness exponent
for an isotropic medium. Furthermore, their
relaxation is much slower, characterized by a dynamical exponent
, where is the
correlation length exponent. The predicted exponents agree well with numerical
results for a flux line in three dimensions. As in the case of interface
depinning models, anisotropy leads to additional universality classes. A
nonzero Hall angle, which has no analogue in the interface models, also affects
the critical behavior.Comment: 26 pages, 8 Postscript figures packed together with RevTeX 3.0
manuscript using uufiles, uses multicol.sty and epsf.sty, e-mail
[email protected] in case of problem
Increasing accuracy: a new design and algorithm for automatically measuring weights, travel direction and radio frequency identification (RFID) of penguins.
A fully automated weighbridge using a new algorithm and mechanics integrated with a Radio Frequency Identification System is described. It is currently in use collecting data on Macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) at Bird Island, South Georgia. The technology allows researchers to collect very large, highly accurate datasets of both penguin weight and direction of their travel into or out of a breeding colony, providing important contributory information to help understand penguin breeding success, reproductive output and availability of prey. Reliable discrimination between single and multiple penguin crossings is demonstrated. Passive radio frequency tags implanted into penguins allow researchers to match weight and trip direction to individual birds. Low unit and operation costs, low maintenance needs, simple operator requirements and accurate time stamping of every record are all important features of this type of weighbridge, as is its proven ability to operate 24 hours a day throughout a breeding season, regardless of temperature or weather conditions. Users are able to define required levels of accuracy by adjusting filters and raw data are automatically recorded and stored allowing for a range of processing options. This paper presents the underlying principles, design specification and system description, provides evidence of the weighbridge’s accurate performance and demonstrates how its design is a significant improvement on existing system
Stretched exponential relaxation for growing interfaces in quenched disordered media
We study the relaxation for growing interfaces in quenched disordered media.
We use a directed percolation depinning model introduced by Tang and Leschhorn
for 1+1-dimensions. We define the two-time autocorrelation function of the
interface height C(t',t) and its Fourier transform. These functions depend on
the difference of times t-t' for long enough times, this is the steady-state
regime. We find a two-step relaxation decay in this regime. The long time tail
can be fitted by a stretched exponential relaxation function. The relaxation
time is proportional to the characteristic distance of the clusters of pinning
cells in the direction parallel to the interface and it diverges as a power
law. The two-step relaxation is lost at a given wave length of the Fourier
transform, which is proportional to the characteristic distance of the clusters
of pinning cells in the direction perpendicular to the interface. The stretched
exponential relaxation is caused by the existence of clusters of pinning cells
and it is a direct consequence of the quenched noise.Comment: 4 pages and 5 figures. Submitted (5/2002) to Phys. Rev.
Driven Depinning in Anisotropic Media
We show that the critical behavior of a driven interface, depinned from
quenched random impurities, depends on the isotropy of the medium. In
anisotropic media the interface is pinned by a bounding (conducting) surface
characteristic of a model of mixed diodes and resistors. Different universality
classes describe depinning along a hard and a generic direction. The exponents
in the latter (tilted) case are highly anisotropic, and obtained exactly by a
mapping to growing surfaces. Various scaling relations are proposed in the
former case which explain a number of recent numerical observations.Comment: 4 pages with 2 postscript figures appended, REVTe
Volume Distributions of Avalanches in Lung Inflation: a statistical mechanical approach
To study the dynamics of lung inflation, we introduce a statistical mechanical model that incorporates experimental observations that, during lung inflation from low volumes, (i) each individual airway segment opens when the external inflation pressure reaches a critical opening threshold corresponding to that segment and (ii) airway opening in the lung occurs in cascades or by avalanches. The model includes realistic asymmetry of the bronchial tree, tissue elasticity, and airway and alveolar dimensions. We perform numerical simulations of lung inflation to study the effects of these attributes on the volume distributions of both the first and all avalanches for three different distributions of critical opening threshold pressures: (a) a generation-independent, (b) a slightly generation-dependent, and (c) a highly generation-dependent distribution. For both the first and all avalanches we find that the volume distribution is a power law, except for the highly generation-dependent threshold distribution. Asymmetry and realistic airway and alveolar dimensions slightly modify the scaling region, but retain a power-law behavior as long as the distribution of threshold pressures is generation independent or slightly generation dependent. Also, for such a distribution of threshold pressures, the scaling exponent of the most realistic model (the asymmetric tree with realistic airway and alveolar dimensions and tissue elasticity) is 2, which is the value obtained both analytically using percolation theory and from simulations on a Cayley tree. Thus the power-law behavior and the scaling exponents are a consequence of finite-size effects and a distribution of threshold pressures that is generation independent or slightly generation dependent. We also predict the pressure-volume relationship of the model, which is easily and noninvasively accessible in clinical settings. The results of the avalanche size distributions and pressure-volume curves support the notion that at low lung volumes, the distribution of the critical opening threshold pressures in the normal lung is most likely wide with negligible generational dependence
Facet Formation in the Negative Quenched Kardar-Parisi-Zhang Equation
The quenched Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (QKPZ) equation with negative non-linear
term shows a first order pinning-depinning (PD) transition as the driving force
is varied. We study the substrate-tilt dependence of the dynamic transition
properties in 1+1 dimensions. At the PD transition, the pinned surfaces form a
facet with a characteristic slope as long as the substrate-tilt is
less than . When , the transition is discontinuous and the critical
value of the driving force is independent of , while the transition
is continuous and increases with when . We explain these
features from a pinning mechanism involving a localized pinning center and the
self-organized facet formation.Comment: 4 pages, source TeX file and 7 PS figures are tarred and compressed
via uufile
Nonequilibrium phase transition in a model for the propagation of innovations among economic agents
We characterize the different morphological phases that occur in a simple
one-dimensional model of propagation of innovations among economic agents [X.\
Guardiola, {\it et. al.}, Phys. Rev E {\bf 66}, 026121 (2002)]. We show that
the model can be regarded as a nonequilibrium surface growth model. This allows
us to demonstrate the presence of a continuous roughening transition between a
flat (system size independent fluctuations) and a rough phase (system size
dependent fluctuations). Finite-size scaling studies at the transition strongly
suggest that the dynamic critical transition does not belong to directed
percolation and, in fact, critical exponents do not seem to fit in any of the
known universality classes of nonequilibrium phase transitions. Finally, we
present an explanation for the occurrence of the roughening transition and
argue that avalanche driven dynamics is responsible for the novel critical
behavior
- …